Electropneumatic Training

AIM To find out dryness fraction of steam by combined separating and throttling calorimeter.

PRODUCT DETAILS

The steam passing out from separating calorimeter may still contain some water vapour , in it . in other words it may not be absolutely dry . again , in a throttling calorimeter steam after passing through the throttle valve must be superheated or at least dry saturated . this limits the extent of dryness fraction that can be reliably measured , depend up on the pressure of steam in the main steam pipe . if a sample of steam, which may be still wet after passing through the throttle valve i.e it will not be superheated . thus under this condition the throttling calorimeter fails to enable us in determining the value of dryness fraction of steam . to overcome this difficulties we make use of separating and throttling calorimeter . first the steam is passed through separating calorimeter where itlosses most of it’s moisture and becomes comparatively drier, it is than passed through the throttling calorimeter where super heating takes place with out changr of total heat . the temperature and pressure of steam after throttling are measured by using a thermometer and manometer respectively.

DESCRIPTION

The set up consist of a separating and throttling calorimeter . a steam generator is provided at the base of the apparatus . a thermostat knob is provided at the front of apparatus to control the temperature inside the steam generator . steam from steam generator is passed from separating calorimeter where most of the water partical get separated from steam and then passed to throttling calorimeter where steam get superheated . after that superheated steam passed through heat exchanger to condense the steam.

SAPARATING CALORIMETER

It consist of two concentric chamber , the inner chamber ,and the outer chamber . which communicates with each other through an opening at the top. As the steam discharge through the metal baskets ,which has a large number of holes , the water partical due to there heavier momentum get separated from the steam and collected in the chamber. The comparatively dry steam in the inner chamber moves up and than down aging through the annular space between the two chambers and enters the throttling calorimeter .

THROTTLING CALORIMETER

It consist a narrow throat . pressure and temperature are measured by manometer and thermometer . the steam after throttling process passed through the heat exchanger and condensate is collected .

UTILITIES REQURIED

1.WATER SUPPLY 3 lit/min (approx) 2.Drain 3.Electric supply : 1phase , 220 V A.C , 2Amp. 4.Steam table for calculation 5.Space required : 1.0 m X 1.0 m

A heavy bench top unit for studying the stress and strain in a thin walled cylinder under internal pressure. A thin walled cylinder is mounted between two support blocks. Internal pistons and seals create oil sealing. A handwheel at one end of the apparatus enables the cylinder end conditions to be adjusted to either open or closed. The internal pressure is adjusted by means of a hydraulic hand pump on the apparatus. An analogue pressure gauge displays the internal pressure whilst a pressure transducer gives feedback to the Data Acquisition Interface and Software supplied. Strain gauges are arranged on the external surface of the cylinder to measure the radial and circumferential surface strain. The strain gauges are at various angles.

The test rig comprises of a Single stage air compressor fitted with an air tank with orifice, pressure gauges, and an energy meter to measure the input & a Temperature indicator measures the temperatures at various points. The compressor is mounted on air receiver along with the motor, and is provided with air relief valve (safety) and a pressure switch. The unit determines volumetric efficiency and isothermal efficiency at various discharge pressures

SPECIFICATIONS:

1.Air compressor – Single cylinder, Single stage type driven by a 2 hp. Three phase motor mounted on air receiver provided with delivery valve. 2.Air tank and orifice with water manometer for air intake measurement. 3.Pressure gauge to measure the discharge pressure. 4.Digital temperature indicator. 5.Energy meter to measure input power. 6.A technical manual accompanies the equipments .

SERVICES REQUIRED:

1.Floor space of 2.5 X 1,5m. 2.440 V, 15A, 3ph. AC supply with neutral and earthing connection. 3.A hand tachometer.

DIGITAL BOMB CALORIMETER

Bomb Calorimeter outfit provides a simple and inexpensive method for determination of heat of combustion of organic matter and the calorific value and sulphur content of solid and liquid fuel. The outfit supplied is complete for analysis as per the method recommended by British Standard Institution BS 1016. All parts of the outfit have been finished of petroleum and British Standard Institute.

SUPPLIED WITH

Calorimeter Vessel with bomb support, Water jacket, Combined Lid for calorimeter vessel and water jacket, Stirrer, Connecting Leads, Connecting tube to connect bomb & pressure gauge, Connecting tube with fine adjustment valve, to connect pressure gauge, pressure gauge on stand, Spanner for oxygen tube connection, Ignition Wire, (2 meters) Nichrome, Cotton Real, stand for bomb lid, Hook for lifting bomb, stainless steel Crucible, Gelatine capsules, Gas release valve, Bomb firing unit, Vibrator, Timer, Benzonic acids. ‘O’ Ring Big, ‘O’ Ring Small, ‘O’ Ring for Stirrer Valve for Bomb, Valve Kay. Complete with Instruction manual.