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Heat Pipe Apparatus
Heat Pipe Apparatus:
Heat pipe is an interesting device, which is used to transfer heat from one location to another.
The apparatus consists of three pipes, viz. A heat pipe, copper pipe and stainless steel pipe. Ail the pipes have same physical dimensions. Copper and stainless steel pipes serve the purpose of comparison of heat pipe performance. All pipes are mounted vertically with a band heater at lower end and water filled heat sink at upper end. Nearly isothermal operation of heat pipe is clearly visualized from longitudinal temperature distribution of the pipe.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1.Heat pipe – Stainless Steel pipe, 25 mm O.D., 450 mm. Long. Sealed at both ends, evacuated and filled partially
with distilled water – one No.
2.Copper and stainless steel pipe of same size as that of heat pipe – one each.
3.Equal capacity heater at bottom end of each pipe.
4.Water filled heat sinks at upper end of each pipe.
Measurements and controls
a) Dimmerstat to control heat input to all the heaters – 4 amp. Capacity One No.
b) A voltmeter and an ammeter to measure input to heaters One each.
c) Multichannel digital temperature indictor to measure temperatures along the length of pipes.Four
thermocouples are provided on each pipe.
v Thermometers to note down water temperatures in heat sinks – 3 Nos.
Services Required:
230 VA.C. Single Phase supply.
Floor Area = 1 m X 0.5m X 0.5 m height.
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Lagged Pipe Apparatus
Lagged Pipe Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of three concentric pipes mounted on suitable stand. The space between innermost and the middle pipe is fifed with a lagging material and the space between the middle and the outer most is filled with and other lagging material. The lagged pipe is heated with a cartridge heater inserted at the axle length of the pipe. Voltmeter and ammeter on the panel can measure the input to the heater. The intermediate temperatures can be measured by the thermocouples attached at the surfaces of the pipe. Thus the resultant conductivity of the materials can be found out.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1.Pipes : a)Gl pipe (innermost) – 6 cm. (Outer Diameter). b) Gl Pipe (Middle) – 8.5 cm. (Mean Diameter) c)G! Pipe (Outermost) – 10.7 cm. (inner Diameter) d)Length of pipes 1 Meter. 2.Heater : Nichrome wire cartridge heater placed centrally, of suitable capacity. 3.Control Panel : a)Single Phase Dimmerstat – 1 No. b)Voltmeter (0 – 250V) – 1 No. c)Ammeter (0- 2A) – 1 No. 4.Temperature Indicator : Multichannel Digital Temperature Indicator ranging (0 – 300 C) using Cr/AI ThermocouplesServices Required:
1. A.C. Single Phase 230 V electric supply 2. Floor Area-1.5 Meter X 1 Meter X 0.5 Meter High
Citical Radius Of Insulating Material
Citical Radius of Insulating Material:
At particular radius of insulation over a cylinder, loss of heat is maximum. The unit consists of a G.I. pipe provided with plaster of Paris insulation on out side surface. Four pipes are provided with heater inside having input control. Input to heaters is measured by common voltmeter and ammeter, by controlling input to heaters, it is shown that critical radius of insulation is ratio of thermal conductivity and outside heat transfer co-efficient.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1.G. I. Pipes with electrical heater inside – 4 Nos. 2.Insulation over the pipes of different thickness. 3.Controls and Measurements – a) Dimmerstat to control heater input – 4 Nos. b) A voltmeter and ammeter to measure inputs to heater. c) Digital temperature indicator to measure temperatures across insulation. d) Necessary switches and controls. A technical manual accompanies the unit.SERVICES REQUIRED:
230 V, 5 Amp., A.C., Supply with earthing connection. Floor Area of 1 m. X 1 m X 1.5m. height.
Critical Heat Flux Apparatus
The apparatus demonstrates the regimes of pool boiling. The test section consists of a test wire surrounded by water of constant temperature. The surface temperature of the test wire is heated by passing current through it. Due to the temperature difference between the wire surface and surroundings, the difference regimes are observed till the burnout point.
Specifications:
1.Test wire -35 gauge or 40 gauges. Length = 10cm. 2.Nichrome heater- 1 kw capacity – 1 nos. 3.Glass trough of sufficient capacity. 4.Table light to observe the test wire. 5.Voltmeter and ammeter to measure the input to the test wire. 6.Dimmerstat to adjust the voltage. A technical manual accompanies the unit.SERVICES REQUIRED:
1.220v, ISA, stabilized single-phase supply. 2.Floor surface- 1m x 1m at working height.
Emissivity Measurement Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a test plate and a comparator. A black plate is used as a comparator for test plate. When all the physical, dimensions and the temperatures are equal, heat losses from both plates will also be the same, except radiation losses. Hence the input difference will be due to difference in emissive. Both the plates are kept in a panel enclose with perplex front and are given inputs through separate dimmerstats so that temperatures of both can be kept equal. Thus emissivity can determine over a wide range of temperatures.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1.Test plate and Black plates — 160mm. Dia. Aluminum plates, mounted in Panel with mica heater inside. 2.Instrumental panel consisting of- a)Voltmeter and ammeter for input measurement to both heaters through a selector switch. b)Separate dimmers for both the plates. c)Multichannel digital temperature indicator. A technical manual accompanies the unit.SERVICES REQUIRED:
1.Space area of 1.5m x 1 m. at working height. 2.230v, 15A, AC supply with earthing connection
Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger
(A)Plain Tube ( Water To Water ):
The apparatus consists of two concentric tubes. Inner tube consists of copper tube through which hot water flows. While the outer tube consists of GI pipe through which cold water flows. The arrangement enables the parallel and counter flow of the cold water. The inlet and outlet temperatures and the flow measurement enable to find out the heat exchanged LMTD, and effectiveness of the equipment.
Specifications:
1.Inner copper tube I.D, 12.7mm. and outer G. I. Pipe I. D. 15mm. approx. and 1.5m. length. 2.Thermometers – 4 nos. 3.Measuring flask – 1 Lit. capacity. 4.Geyser-3 kW. Single phase.Services required
1.220v, 15A, stabilized single-phase AC supply. 2.Floor area – 3m x I m x 1 m height. (B) Finned Tube ( Water To Air ): The apparatus consists of two concentric tubes. Inner tube consists of copper tube through which hot water flows. It is finned at its outer diameter to increase the heat transfer surface. While the outer tube consists of GI pipe through which cold air flows. The arrangement enables the parallel and counter flow of the air. The inlet and outlet temperatures and the flow measurement enable to find out the heat exchanged LMTD, and effectiveness of the equipment.Specifications:
1.Inner copper tube I.D. 12.7mm. and outer G. I. Pipe I. D. 25mm. approx. and 1m. length. 2.Thermometers – 4 nos. 3.Orifice meter along with manometer. 4.Measuring flask – 1 Lit. Capacity. 5.Geyser-3 kW. Single phase.Services Required
1.220v, 15A, stabilized single-phase AC supply. 2.Floor area – 3m x 1m x 1m height.
Stefan Boltzmans Apparatus
The Stefan Boltzmann constant is an important constant in heat transfer. The apparatus determines Stefan Boltzmann constant. The apparatus consists of a hemisphere surrounded by hot water. Hot water is obtained from a water-heating tank. When the blackened disc is inserted at the center of hemisphere, heat is transferred into the disc from hemisphere by radiation and its temperature begins to rise, and from temperature raise rate. (It is measured at the intervals of 5 sec.) Stefan Boltzmann constant is determined.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Water heating tank provided with electric immersion heater. Hemisphere made of copper sheet, 200mm. dia. Surrounded water jacket of 250mm. Dia. Test disc made of copper 20mm. dia. provided with thermocouple at the center. Multichannel digital temperature indicator 0-200 C with 0.1C least counts to measure the temperature of hemisphere and disc. Audible buzzer with timer to ring at every 5 seconds. A technical manual accompanies the unit.SERVICES REQUIRED:
1.Bench area of about 1m. x 05m. at working height. 2.230v, 15A, AC, electric supply with earthing connection
Shell Tube Heat Exchanger Water To Water
Heat exchanger is the devices used to transfer the heat from one fluid to other. The shell and tube heat exchanger is two tube single pass heat exchanger. The hot fluid is hot water obtained from water heater. The coil fluid is cold water. The schematic flow arrangement is shown in figure. Hot water enters the lower side of end box, flows through the tubes in lower half of shell and comes to the other end of the shell. It reverses its direction, flows through tubes in upper half of the shell and leaves out. Cold water enters lower part of the shell passes over the tubes between the baffles and leaves out the shell through outlet at upper surface of shell.
SPECIFICATIONS:
1.Shell – 150NB, 750 m.m. long provided with end boxes. a.One end box with divider plate. b.25% cut baffles – 4 Nos. in the shell. 2.Tubes – 4.5mm I.D., 6.35mm O.D.,250 m.m. length copper tubes with triangular pitch. 3.Instantaneous water heater, 3 Kw capacity, to supply hot water. 4.Thermometer for measuring the water temperature. 5.Valves to control hot and cold water flow.SERVICES REQUIRED:
1.3 P H, AC supply 2.Floor space 1.5m. X 1m, 3.230V, 15A, AC supply with earthing connection. 4.Water supply at the rate of about 10 lit/min at constant heat.
Natural Convection Apparatus
The unit consists of a vertical brass pipe heated by a cartridge heater inside it. The pipe looses heat to atmosphere by natural convection. It is fitted in an enclosure to provide undisturbed natural convection currents. Thermocouples are attached on the pipe to measure local temperatures. Heater input is measured on voltmeter and ammeter. Thus students can determine overall heat transfer coefficient and local transfer coefficients in natural convection at various heat transfer rates.
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