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Amplitude Modulation And Demodulation
Instrument is design to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission. It is still used in radio system to transmit audio signal although it has lesser in popularity compared to FM (Frequency Modulation) due to its lower signal to noise ratio.
Technical Specification :-
1. I C based DC regulated Power Supply ±12 V / 500 mA.
2. Audio frequency 1 KHz / 0-2 Vpp for modulating signal 455 KHz / 2.5 Vpp approx. for Carrier Frequency.
Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation And Demodulation
This Instrument is design to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study the Amplitude shift keying Modulation and Demodulation. Whole instrument is placed in plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.
Technical Specification:-
1. Fixed Output DC Regulated Power Supply of ±12 V, +5 V.
2. 100KHz with 5 Vpp amplitude (Approx.) for carrier frequency.
3. In built square wave data generator.
4. Circuit diagrams for Modulator and Demodulator are printed on the milky white top panel.
Bridge Rectifier
Bridge Rectifier is made of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit. It is housed in a plastic moulded box. This bridge rectifier converts alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). It provides the same output polarity for either input polarity. All the electronic devices require direct current, so bridge rectifiers are used inside the power supplies of almost all electronic equipment. For the easy understanding of the internal circuitry, the circuit diagram is printed on the box.
Digital / Analog Training System
Solderless Breadboard has 1680 tie points. Provided with 2 Terminal strips and 4 Distribution strips. Built in DC Regulated Power Supply. DC Supply ± 5V/ 1 Amp. 0 to ± 15V DC (Variable), 1 Amp. Built-in Function Generator. . Waveform : Sine, Square and Triangle (with selector switch),
Frequency : 1 – 100 Hz Variable
Amplitude : Variable up to 10 V, TTL 5V p-p
Data Switches (Bounceless) – 8 No.
LED Display (buffered) – 10 No.
Clock Pulsar – 2 No.
Seven Segment Display with Decoder IC 7447 – 2 No.
Speaker 2.5 Dia. with sockets – 1 No.
BNC Plug with 2 mm Sockets – 2 No.
4 mm socket connected with 2 mm sockets – 2 No.
Interconnection leads having 2 mm plugs at one end – 10 No.
Interconnection leads having 4 mm plugs at both end – 10 No.
22 SWG Hook Up Wire of 20 cm length – 100 No.
Comprehensive User’s Manual – 1 No.
Input 220 V, 50 Hz. AC with On/Off indicator.
Digital Gauss Meter
Digital Gauss meter works on the principle of Hall Effect in semiconductor. When a semiconductor with current flowing in one direction is introduced perpendicular to a magnetic field a voltage is produced at right angles to the current path. The magnitude of this voltage is proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field. This voltage is called Hall Voltage. This Hall voltage is amplified and calibrated as magnetic field.
Specifications:
Range: 0-2 KG & 0-20 KG
Resolution: 1 G at 0-2 KG range
Display: 3½ digit LED
Power Supply: 220 V, ±10%, 50 Hz AC
Transducer: Hall probe-InAs
Digital Trainer Using NAND Gates
Complete with Regulated power supply of + 5V/500 mA. Provided with 4 Logic input switches (bounceless) 4 LED Indicators (Buffered)
Functional diagram of :-
1. 3 Input NAND 6 No.
2. 4 Input NAND 4 No.
3. 1 Input NOT Gates 4 No. is printed on board.
4. 12 Interconnection Leads and User’s Manual is provided.
Discrete Component Trainer
Trainer consisting of Power Supply of +5 V / ±12 V (each of 250 mA), Silicon, Germanium diodes, Zeners, PNP and NPN Transistors, FET, One speaker, 12 different values of carbon film resistances of ¼ W, ½ W and 1 W. 12 assorted values of capacitors from 100 pF to 1000 ?F, Integrated Circuit (IC) Base and IC 74LS00 1 No. each. LED, LDR, Photo diode, Solar Cell Logic Switches (4 No.) and LED Indicators (4 No.) etc., 2 mm Interconnection Leads -10 No. and Comprehensive User’s Manual
Electronics Kit
Emitting Diode (LED’s)
Bridge rectifier is designed with four LEDs internally arranged in bridge pattern fitted inside a plastic moulded case. Two LED’s are red and two LED’s are green. This device is used to demonstrate the functioning of a bridge rectifier, i.e., to convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). Two yellow sockets are used for AC input. Two sockets, one red and one black, are used for DC output. For the easy understanding of the internal circuitry, the circuit diagram is printed on the box.
Fiber Optics Communication Set
Objective:
To construct an optical transmitter and transmission of signal through Fiber Optics Cable. To construct an Optical Receiver and study the Attenuation of Signal when transmitted from Transmitter to Receiver end. Analog and Digital link can also be studied as this unit is complete with Sine and Square Waves. Bending losses can also be studied.
Features:
Instrument comprises of Microphone Preamplifier stages consists of MIC (Microphone), Preamplifier and Amplifier (Voice is converted to electrical signal and then amplified) and fed to LED (Transmitter) and then through fibre cable, signal is sent to Photodetector (Transistor) and again amplifier and output is sent to Speaker Unit. Power Supply of +6 VDC is used in Amplifier ckt. 2 No. Fiber Optics cables are provided (one of them is 50 cm long and the other is 100 cm long). One more fiber cable of 50mm length having connector at one end is also provided. Connectors a both end of fiber cable are provided for insertion in sockets provided on the front panel. Bending losses can also be studied in long wire.
Standard: MIC with 2 meter long lead and a Speaker 4, 4 ohm are mounted in a vertical box.
Accuracy: with 1 meter long connecting leads. 2 No. Fiber optic cable having length of 50 cm and 100 cm are provided.
Optional : Digital multimeter (3 1/2 Digit, Big size Display) This model also include Digital Multimeter and wooden frame for measurement of Numerical aperture i.e. complete in all respect including facility for measurement of numerical aperture.
Frequency Modulation And Demodulation
This Instrument is design to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study the Frequency Modulation and Demodulation. Whole instrument is placed in plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.
Technical Specification:-
1. Fixed Output DC Regulated Power Supply of ±12 V.
2. Built in Modulating signal Generator of 2 KHz and 4 KHz selectable with a toggle switch with Amplitude to 3V peak to peak approximately.
3. Circuit diagrams for Modulator and Demodulator are printed on the milky white top panel
Frequency Shift Keying Modulation And Demodulation
This Instrument is design to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study the Frequency Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation. Whole instrument is placed in plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.
Germanium Diode Unit
Half Wave / Full Wave And Bridge Rectifier Apparatus
Objective : To study Efficiency and Ripple factor in case of Half wave, Full wave and Bridge rectifier on application of load and filters.
Features : Instrument comprises of AC Power Supply, 3 meters to measure Output Voltage, Output Current and ripple factor on electronic AC Voltmeter, 4 PN Junction Diodes, Filter Circuit kit, load Resistances selectable using bandswitch and all important connections points at 4mm Sockets.
Optional Acc : Digital AC millivoltmeter.
Hall Probe
Ge single crystal with four spring-type pressure contacts is mounted on the printed circuit board. Four leads are provided for connections with measuring devices.A zero setting can be done by adjusting the spring contacts with the help of screw driver.
Specifications:
Material: Ge single crystal, n type
Resistivity: 8 – 10 ?-cm
Contacts: Spring type
Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation amplifier is a switched gain precision operation amplifier. This is used for precise and accurate, low noise differential signal acquisition. 4mm sockets are used for the input signal. It can be interfaced with a wide range of sensors. It can take small voltage changes from a sensor and make those changes large enough to be measured using CRO. It is not able to drive a low impedance load such as a loudspeaker or relay. The output can be read on CRO. Digital multimeter may also be used to read the output. With switched gain of 5 to 1000, it can handle signal inputs over a very wide range making it suitable for almost all applications.
LCR Resonance Apparatus
Objective : To plot Frequency Vs. Current Characteristics of LCR circuit when connected in series or in parallel.
Features : Instrument comprises of 3 Resistances, 3 Capacitors and 1 Inductance connected inside and connections brought out at Sockets. 2 AC moving coil meters to measure voltage and current.
Optional Acc. : Audio Frequency Function Generator
Light Dependent Resistor Unit (LDR)
Linear IC Trainer
This Trainer Consist of :
1. Regulated power supply of ± 12 V / 250 mA.
2. Variable 0 to ±5 V / 250 mA.
3. Sine wave oscillation of 1 KHz.
4. Digital Voltmeter of 0-20 V DC, LCD display, 3 ½ Digit.
5. Functional diagram of IC 741 is printed with 2 mm sockets.
6. One extra 8 pin IC Base with 2 mm sockets.
7. Potentiometer of 10K Ohms.
8. Required Resistance and Capacitances mounted on board.
9. Interconnection Leads and Manual to perform 15 experiments on IC741 e.g. inverting, non-inverting, summing, difference, multiplier, differentiator, integrator etc.
Logic Gates Trainer
Logic Gates Trainer has been designed to study logic gates and applications. This trainer board is designed to verify the truth table of various logic functions, to prove De-Morgan’s theorem, Half adder and Full adder by using logic gates. The board is absolutely self-contained and requires no additional apparatus. 12 V / 1 A DC adaptor is required to operate it.
Micro Controller Development Board
Microcontroller development board is designed to train engineers about the structural design, instructions and utilize the 8051 microcontroller board. A 40 pin ZIF socket for easy insertion of 89 series microcontroller with four 10 Pin FRC connectors is provided on the board. Outputs from I/O port from microcontroller are available on FRC connectors those can be easily connect with different modules. Microcontroller Development Board consists of EEPROM with 4K memory changeable with more RTC DS1307 with 32 KHz crystal with battery backup One 12 V stepper motor with drivers.One 16 x 2 LCD display. 8 Output LED indicators. 4 multiplexed 7-segment display. 8 single bit toggle switch. 4 x 4 matrix keyboard. Single Channel ADC with potentiometer and provision of external inputs RS 232 serial communication. One 12 V DC motor driver.
N-P-N Transistor Unit
Numerical System
This panel is used to demonstrate the number systems such as binary, decimal and hexadecimal numbers. Toggle switches used to activate the displays showing the particular number entered. Input may be entered either as decimal or binary numbers with a toggle switch for mode selection. Decimal numbers are shown on a three digit seven segment LED display. 12 V / 2 A DC adaptor is required to operate it.
Oscilloscope
This Oscilloscope is corresponding to horizontal with small size. The bandwidth of Y axis is DC 10 MHz and the deflection factor is 5 mV 5 V / div. It can be up to 50 V / div. using with the 10:1 probe. Sweep deflection factor is 0.1 ?s / div.
(1) Single Channel Single Trace Oscilloscope
(2) Bandwidth : 10 MHz
(3) Confirms to EN61010-1 (1993) and EN-IEC61326-1(1997).
(4) Wide measurement
(5) High sensitivity and trigger lock
(6) Sweep switch adopts digital code switch and accuracy
(7) Proper to use in colleges and for engineers and technicians
(8) Deflection factor is 5 mV – 5 V / div in 1-2-5 Sequence in 10 steps
(9) Accuracy: ±5 % (
10) Maximum Input Voltage: 400Vpk
(11) Sweep deflection factor is 0.1 us / div to 0.1 s / div
(12) Accuracy: ±5 %
(13) Trigger Sensitivity: INT:1.5 div EXT:0.3 V
(14) Trigger mode: INT, EXT, LINE, TV
(15) Trigger Sweep Mode: NORM, AUTO, TV. LOCK.
(16) Calibration Signal: 0.5 V Square wave of 1 kHz.
(17) CRT Effective working Area: 8 x 10 div. 1 div = 6 mm.
(18) Auxiliary Power Supply: 220V AC 50Hz
Oscilloscope
This is a portable type of Oscilloscope for two traces. The band width is 0-20 MHz. The instrument is of easy operation with comfortable controls. Its reasonable structure and technology makes it convenient to repair and calibrate.
(1) Dual Trace Dual Channel Oscilloscope with Component Test Facility
(2) Bandwidth : 20 MHz
(3) Full bandwidth sweeping circuit is used in the sweeping system
(4) The flexible and convenient triggering mode has the functions for selecting signals from one channel or triggered by Ext signals
(5) ALT trigger to observe signals from two irrelative channels
(6) The instrument has the functions of TV-H / TV-V synchronization and trigger-lock to observe all kinds of signals stably
(7) From the terminal for trigger input, CH1 and CH2 signals can be output along with the triggering channel to connect the external frequency counter
(8) Y deflection operation : Y1, Y2, ALT, CHOP, ADD, mode X-Y
(9) Vertical Deflection : 5 mV / Div to 20 V / Div in factor 1-2-5 sequence in 12 steps
(10) Rising time : < 18 nS (11) Maximum Input Voltage : 400V (DC + ACp-p) (12) Triggering Source : Y1, Y2, ALT, POWER, EXT (13) Trigger Coupling : AC / DC (EXT), NORM / TV-H, TV-V (14) Horizontal Sweep Mode : AUTO, TRIG, LOCK, SINGLE (15) Sweep time factor : 0.1 uS / div to 0.2 s / div in 1-2-5 sequence in 20 steps (16) Magnification : x10 (17) X-Y Mode input : X-Axis Y1 and Y-Axis Y2 (18) Z Axis minimum input level : TTL Level (19) Component Test Facility (20) Calibration Signal : Square wave of 0.5 V at 1 kHz (21) CTR Display size : 8 cm x 10 cm (22) Auxiliary Power Supply : 220V 50Hz AC
P-N-P Transistor Unit
Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation
This Instrument is design to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study the Phase Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation. Whole instrument is placed in plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.
Technical Specification:-
1. Fixed Output DC Regulated Power Supplies of ±12 V and ±5 V.
2. Built in Carrier wave Generator (Sine Wave) of 5 Vpp, 22 KHz ± 5% Frequency range with output on sockets.
3. Built in Data Generator using IC 7490 with four modulating signal outputs on sockets.
4. IC TL084 & IC 7486 are using for PSK demodulator.
5. Circuit diagram is printed on the milky white top panel and important connections are brought out on the sockets.
Photon Energy Array
Planck’s Constant
Modern LEDs (light emitting diodes) cover the range from deep blue (440 nm) to infra-red (940 nm). By monitoring the voltage at which each LED just begins to emit light a graph of energy input as a function of light emitted frequency can be plotted and an approximate value of Planck’s constant deduced. Complete with viewing tube but without power supply.
Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation
This Instrument is design to demonstrate the method to transmit signals via. Electromagnetic transmission and to study the Pulse Width Modulation and Demodulation. Whole instrument is placed in plastic moulded box and 2 mm banana plug leads are provided for modulation and demodulation connections.
Technical Specification:-
1. Built in IC based DC Regulated Power supply ±12 V, +5 V.
2. Four level Built in carrier pulse Output.
3. Frequency Range: 8 KHz, 16 KHz, 32 KHz, 64 KHz Amplitude : 5 Vpp approx.
4. Built in sine wave Audio Frequency Function Generator for modulating signal. Frequency Range: 1 KHz and 2 KHz selectable with a toggle switch Amplitude : 0-10 Vpp and 0-4 Vpp approx.
5. Circuit Diagram for Modulation and Demodulation is printed on the milky white top panel.
RF Telemetry
RF telemetry system consists of a radio frequency transmitter and matching radio frequency receiver both operating at 433 MHz. The system is designed for the radio frequency transmission and reception. The radio frequency transmitter sends out a variable audio signal and the radio frequency receiver with built in loud speaker receives the signal. The system enables the teachers to demonstrate a variety of wave phenomenon. The system also enables the properties of the radio communications to be investigated and compared with those of visible light and other wave motions such as audible sound and water waves etc. For the operation of the system, a 9 V PP3 battery is required.
Seven Segment LED Display Circuit
A common anode seven segment module is fitted on a board with 8 bit dip switch to control the each segment of seven segment LED display. The inputs A-D of a display driver are connected to the binary coded decimal (BCD) outputs from a decade counter. A network of logic gates inside the display driver makes its outputs a-g become high or low as appropriate to light the required segments a-g of a seven segment display. A resistor is required in series with each segment to protect the LEDs
Signal Generator
Audio frequency Generator is versatile instrument providing sine, square & triangular wave functions over a wide range from 2 220 KHz in decade ranges. The amplitude of the waveforms can be varied from 20 mV to 20 V peak to peak about zero level with the help of three step coarse control & fine control. The complete unit is enclosed in an attractive metal cabinet.
Signal Generator
1 Hz to 100 KHz in five decade ranges selected by rotary switch named as frequency Multiplier. Sine Triangular and Square waveforms selected by push switch with LED indication. Output signal is 0-3.5 V rms (10 V peak to peak) open circuit continuously control with uncalibrated amplitude control knob. Mains rocker switch with indicator Light. Signal Generator is versatile for general laboratory use; output signal is adjustable with the combination of Freq. multiplier and set frequency dial with a low level of distortion. Output Voltage is continuously variable with selector range 1V and 10V. There is two pair of output safety sockets. One for CRO output (experiment for amplification, filter etc.) and another pair of sockets to speaker to drive a speaker and to demonstrate the audio signal frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
Signal Generator, Digital
This signal generator is a useful test instrument capable of generating multiple waveform and offers excellent waves shape, signal linearity, waveform symmetry and frequency range with selection of sine, triangular and square wave and amplitude variable 10 V peak to peak. 1 Hz to 100 kHz in five decade ranges selected by rotary switch named as frequency multiplier. Sine, triangular and square waveforms selected by push switch with LED indication. Output signal is 0 – 3.5 Vrms (10 V peak to peak) open circuit continuously control with uncalibrated amplitude control knob. Mains rocker switch with indicator Light. Signal Generator is versatile for general laboratory use; output signal is adjustable with the combination of frequency multiplier and set frequency dial with a low level of distortion. Set frequency is displayed on a 4 seven segment display. Output Voltage is continuously variable with selector range 1 V and 10 V.There is two pair of output safety sockets. One for CRO output (experiment for amplification, filter etc.) and another pair of sockets to speaker to drive a speaker and to demonstrate the audio signal frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz.
